How effective are mobile apps in managing people with type 2 diabetes mellitus? A systematic literature review protocol.

INTRODUCTION: The rise of new technologies in the field of health is yielding promising results. In certain chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, which ranks among the top five causes of global mortality, it could be useful in supporting patient management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review will be conducted on scientific publications from the last 5 years (January 2019 to October 2023) to describe the effect of mobile app usage on glycated hemoglobin for the management of adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who participated in randomized controlled clinical trials. The search will be carried out in the databases of MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), CENTRAL, WoS, Scopus, Epistemonikos, and LILACS. The search strategy will be constructed using both controlled and natural language. Additionally, the Cochrane filter will be applied to identify randomized controlled trials. The review will include scientific articles reporting studies that present results from randomized controlled trials, with texts in Spanish, English, or French, utilizing mobile applications for the management of adult individuals (over 18 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and whose outcomes report the effects on glycated hemoglobin. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool will be used to assess the quality of the studies, and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology will be implemented to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS: The analysis will be conducted by observing the value of the glycated hemoglobin levels of the participants. Given that this data is a quantitative and continuous value, it facilitates the identification of the effects of the mobile applications used for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adults. Furthermore, if sufficient data are available, a meta-analysis will be conducted using IBM-SPSS. The effect of the intervention will be estimated by the mean difference. All point estimates will be accompanied by 95% confidence intervals. A random effects model will be used. The heterogeneity of the results will be assessed using Cochrane's Q and I2 statistics. DISCUSSION: Considering that the quality of content and functionality of certain applications in the healthcare field is highly variable, it is necessary to evaluate the scientific evidence reported on the effect of the use of this type of technology in people with T2DM.

esafíos en la vigilancia de todos los casos de cáncer en Chile: Registro Nacional de Cáncer / Challenges in surveillance of all cancer cases: The Chilean National Cancer Registry

El cáncer causa millones de muertes a nivel mundial por lo que su registro es fundamental, existiendo registros clínicos, hospitalarios y poblacionales. Estos últimos son el estándar de oro para la información sobre incidencia y supervivencia de cáncer en una región definida. En Chile se cuenta con cinco registros poblacionales ubicados en ciertas zonas del país. El Registro Nacional del Cáncer chileno surge como un desafío para conformar una herramienta transversal a los tres tipos de registro con la finalidad de, al menos, conocer la cantidad de casos por tipo de cáncer. Su diseño implicó un despliegue de acciones orientadas a lograr consensos entre diversos actores respecto de la información, validación y eventos necesarios de registrar. Se identificaron cuatro etapas en el proceso de atención y el registro: sospecha de diagnóstico, confirmación morfológica (biopsia), resolución clínica (comité oncológico incluyendo la indicación de tratamiento), tratamiento y seguimiento oncológico. A su vez, el desarrollo de la plataforma (años 2018 a 2021) implicó levantamiento de información y acuerdos sobre los requerimientos para el co-diseño del registro, incluyendo un exitoso pilotaje con más de 20 establecimientos de salud del sector público y privado con registro de cerca de 7500 casos de cáncer. El despliegue y uso del Registro Nacional de Cáncer a nivel nacional depende de la autoridad sanitaria. Se trata de un sistema de información que recolecta, almacena, procesa y analiza de forma continua y sistemática datos sobre todos los casos y tipos de cánceres que ocurren en el país. En este trabajo se presenta el diseño y desarrollo de la herramienta, los desafíos abordados, sus fortalezas y debilidades.

Cancer causes millions of deaths worldwide, making its registration essential. There are clinical, hospital, and population-based registries in place. The latter is the gold standard for information on cancer incidence and survival in a defined region. Chile has five population-based registries located in specific areas of the country. The Chilean National Cancer Registry emerged with the challenge of creating a tool encompassing all three types of registries to identify the number of cancer cases by type. Its design involved a series of actions to achieve consensus among various actors regarding information, validation, and events to be registered. Four stages were identified in the care and registration process: suspected diagnosis, morphological confirmation (biopsy), clinical resolution (oncology committee, including treatment recommendations), treatment, and oncological follow-up. The platform's development (from 2018 to 2021) involved gathering information and agreements on the requirements for co-designing the registry, including a successful pilot program with over 20 public and private healthcare facilities that recorded nearly 7500 cancer cases. The deployment and use of the National Cancer Registry at a national level depends on the healthcare authority. It is an information system that continuously and systematically collects, stores, processes, and analyzes data on all cancer cases and types occurring in the country. This work presents the design and development of the tool, the challenges addressed, as well as its strengths and weaknesses.

Challenges in surveillance of all cancer cases: The Chilean National Cancer Registry. / Desafíos en la vigilancia de todos los casos de cáncer en Chile: Registro Nacional de Cáncer.

Cancer causes millions of deaths worldwide, making its registration essential. There are clinical, hospital, and population-based registries in place. The latter is the gold standard for information on cancer incidence and survival in a defined region. Chile has five population-based registries located in specific areas of the country. The Chilean National Cancer Registry emerged with the challenge of creating a tool encompassing all three types of registries to identify the number of cancer cases by type. Its design involved a series of actions to achieve consensus among various actors regarding information, validation, and events to be registered. Four stages were identified in the care and registration process: suspected diagnosis, morphological confirmation (biopsy), clinical resolution (oncology committee, including treatment recommendations), treatment, and oncological follow-up. The platform's development (from 2018 to 2021) involved gathering information and agreements on the requirements for co-designing the registry, including a successful pilot program with over 20 public and private healthcare facilities that recorded nearly 7500 cancer cases. The deployment and use of the National Cancer Registry at a national level depends on the healthcare authority. It is an information system that continuously and systematically collects, stores, processes, and analyzes data on all cancer cases and types occurring in the country. This work presents the design and development of the tool, the challenges addressed, as well as its strengths and weaknesses.

El cáncer causa millones de muertes a nivel mundial por lo que su registro es fundamental, existiendo registros clínicos, hospitalarios y poblacionales. Estos últimos son el estándar de oro para la información sobre incidencia y supervivencia de cáncer en una región definida. En Chile se cuenta con cinco registros poblacionales ubicados en ciertas zonas del país. El Registro Nacional del Cáncer chileno surge como un desafío para conformar una herramienta transversal a los tres tipos de registro con la finalidad de, al menos, conocer la cantidad de casos por tipo de cáncer. Su diseño implicó un despliegue de acciones orientadas a lograr consensos entre diversos actores respecto de la información, validación y eventos necesarios de registrar. Se identificaron cuatro etapas en el proceso de atención y el registro: sospecha de diagnóstico, confirmación morfológica (biopsia), resolución clínica (comité oncológico incluyendo la indicación de tratamiento), tratamiento y seguimiento oncológico. A su vez, el desarrollo de la plataforma (años 2018 a 2021) implicó levantamiento de información y acuerdos sobre los requerimientos para el co-diseño del registro, incluyendo un exitoso pilotaje con más de 20 establecimientos de salud del sector público y privado con registro de cerca de 7500 casos de cáncer. El despliegue y uso del Registro Nacional de Cáncer a nivel nacional depende de la autoridad sanitaria. Se trata de un sistema de información que recolecta, almacena, procesa y analiza de forma continua y sistemática datos sobre todos los casos y tipos de cánceres que ocurren en el país. En este trabajo se presenta el diseño y desarrollo de la herramienta, los desafíos abordados, sus fortalezas y debilidades.

Co-design of a Mobile App for Engaging Breast Cancer Patients in Reporting Health Experiences: Qualitative Case Study.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends incorporating patient-reported experience measures and patient-reported outcome measures to ensure care processes. New technologies, such as mobile apps, could help report and monitor patients' adverse effects and doubts during treatment. However, engaging patients in the daily use of mobile apps is a challenge that must be addressed in accordance with the needs of people. OBJECTIVE: We present a qualitative case study documenting the process of identifying the information needs of breast cancer patients and health care professionals during the treatment process in a Chilean cancer institution. The study aims to identify patients' information requirements for integration into a mobile app that accompanies patients throughout their treatment while also providing features for reporting adverse symptoms. METHODS: We conducted focus groups with breast cancer patients who were undergoing chemotherapy (n=3) or who completed chemotherapy between 3 months and 1 year (n=1). We also surveyed health care professionals (n=9) who were involved in patient care and who belonged to the oncology committee of the cancer center where the study took place. Content analysis was applied to the responses to categorize the information needs and the means to satisfy them. A user interface was designed according to the findings of the focus groups and was assessed by 3 trained information system and user interaction design experts from 2 countries, using heuristic evaluation guidelines for mobile apps. RESULTS: Patients' information needs were classified into 4 areas: an overview of the disease, information on treatment and day-to-day affairs, assistance on the normality and abnormality of symptoms during treatment, and symptoms relevant to report. Health care professionals required patients to be provided with information on the administrative and financial process. We noted that the active involvement of the following 4 main actors is required to satisfy the information needs: patients, caregivers, social network moderators, and health professionals. Seven usability guidelines were extracted from the heuristic evaluation recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: A mobile app that seeks to accompany breast cancer patients to report symptoms requires the involvement of multiple participants to handle the reports and day-to-day information needs. User interfaces must be designed with consideration of the patient's social conventions and the emotional load of the disease information.

Architecture Assessment of the Chilean Epidemiological Surveillance System for Notifiable Diseases (EPIVIGILA): Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: To fulfill their epidemiological vigilance function, authorities require valid, complete, timely, precise, and reliable information. Advancements in new technologies have facilitated public health control through vigilance systems for notifiable diseases; these systems can gather large numbers of simultaneous notifications, process a wide array of data, and deliver updated information in real time to relevant decision-makers. A large worldwide deployment of new information technologies was seen during the COVID-19 pandemic; these technologies proved to be efficient, resourceful tools . Platform developers should seek self-evaluation strategies to optimize functionality or improve the capacity of national vigilance systems. These tools exist in the Latin American region at various development stages, although publications reporting architectural characteristics of these tools are scarce. International publications are more abundant a nd serve as a basis for comparing the standards that need to be met. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the architecture of the Chilean epidemiological surveillance system for notifiable diseases (EPIVIGILA), as compared to that of the international systems reported in scientific publications. METHODS: A search for scientific publications was conducted to identify systematic reviews that documented the architectural characteristics of disease notification and vigilance systems. EPIVIGILA was compared to other systems from countries in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. RESULTS: The following aspects of the architecture were identified: (1) notification provenance, (2) minimum data set, (3) database users, and (4) data quality control. The notifying organizations, including hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and medical consultation offices, were similar among the 13 countries analyzed; this contrasted with Chile, where the reporting agent is the physician who can belong to an organization. The minimum data set include patient identification, disease data, and general codifications. EPIVIGILA includes all these elements, in addition to symptomatology, hospitalization data, type of medicine and treatment result, and laboratory test types. The database users or data analyzers include public health organizations, research organizations, epidemiological organizations, health organizations or departments, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Finally, for data quality control, the criteria most often used were completeness, consistency, validity, timeliness, accuracy, and competencies. CONCLUSIONS: An efficient notification and vigilance system must be capable of promptly identifying probable risks as well as incidence and prevalence of the diseases under surveillance. EPIVIGILA has been shown to comply with high quality and functionality standards, at the level of developed countries, by achieving total national coverage and by providing timely, trustworthy, and complete information at high-security levels, thus obtaining positive assessment from national and international authorities.

Epidemiological surveillance in COVID- 19 pandemic: EPIVIGILA system. / Epidemiological surveillance in COVID-19 pandemic: EPIVIGILA system.

In March 2020, the first version of EPIVIGILA was deployed in a productive environment a few days after the first local case of COVID- 19. This system is a technological integration plat-form for national epidemiological surveillance of notifiable diseases. Previously, Chile used a manual process that would probably have failed with a peak volume of more than 38 000 daily notifications; in a country with 18 million inhabitants, long and narrow geography, and centralized governance. This work highlights the importance of the national electronic surveillance system EPIVIGILA in managing the pandemic. The systems main strength is its ability to adapt to the needs of reliable, precise, timely, and real- time information. EPIVIGILA was able to include, under the circumstances, different flows, actors, data, and functionalities with high expectations of accuracy. This valuable information allowed the authorities to assess the impact of the measures to manage and control the pandemic. Its versatility positions this platform among the few globally that operates national data with a high level of granularity in a single system through a pandemic. In Chile, EPIVIGILA is the primary source of information for daily reports, epidemiological reports, and data published on government websites about COVID- 19. Thus, electronic systems prove fundamental for public health because the recording and processing of data generate clear, reliable, and timely information, helping authorities make decisions to reduce the spread of infectious diseases, prevent deaths, and improve the populations quality of life.

En marzo 2020 se despliega la primera versión de EPIVIGILA en un ambiente productivo, plataforma de integración tecnológica de vigilancia epidemiológica nacional para enfermedades de notificación obligatoria (a pocos días del caso 1 de COVID- 19 local). Anteriormente, Chile usaba un proceso manual que probablemente hubiese fracasado ante un volumen máximo superior a 38 000 notificaciones diarias, en un país con 18 millones de habitantes, de geografía larga y angosta y gobernanza centralizada. El objetivo del trabajo es relevar la importancia que tiene en el manejo de la pandemia el sistema nacional de vigilancia electrónico EPIVIGILA. La principal fortaleza del sistema es su capacidad de adaptación a las necesidades de información fidedigna, precisa, oportuna y en tiempo real. EPIVIGILA fue capaz de incluir, en el curso de las circunstancias, distintos flujos, actores, datos y funcionalidades con altas expectativas de exactitud. Ello permitió que las autoridades pudieran evaluar el impacto de las medidas implementadas para el manejo y control de la pandemia. Su versatilidad posiciona a esta plataforma entre las pocas en el mundo que opera datos nacionales en una pandemia con un alto nivel de granularidad en un único sistema. En Chile, EPIVIGILA es la principal fuente de información para los reportes diarios, informes epidemiológicos y datos publicados en sitios web gubernamentales sobre COVID- 19. Así, el uso de sistemas electrónicos muestran ser un soporte fundamental para la salud pública, porque el registro y procesamiento de los datos genera información clara, confiable y oportuna, contribuyendo a que las autoridades puedan tomar decisiones orientadas a disminuir la propagación de enfermedades transmisibles, evitar muertes y mejorar la calidad de vida de la población.

Vigilancia epidemiológica en pandemia de COVID-19: Sistema EPIVIGILA / Epidemiological surveillance in COVID- 19 pandemic: EPIVIGILA system

En marzo 2020 se despliega la primera versión de EPIVIGILA en un ambiente productivo, plataforma de integración tecnológica de vigilancia epidemiológica nacional para enfermedades de notificación obligatoria (a pocos días del caso 1 de COVID- 19 local). Anteriormente, Chile usaba un proceso manual que probablemente hubiese fracasado ante un volumen máximo superior a 38 000 notificaciones diarias, en un país con 18 millones de habitantes, de geografía larga y angosta y gobernanza centralizada. El objetivo del trabajo es relevar la importancia que tiene en el manejo de la pandemia el sistema nacional de vigilancia electrónico EPIVIGILA. La principal fortaleza del sistema es su capacidad de adaptación a las necesidades de información fidedigna, precisa, oportuna y en tiempo real. EPIVIGILA fue capaz de incluir, en el curso de las circunstancias, distintos flujos, actores, datos y funcionalidades con altas expectativas de exactitud. Ello permitió que las autoridades pudieran evaluar el impacto de las medidas implementadas para el manejo y control de la pandemia. Su versatilidad posiciona a esta plataforma entre las pocas en el mundo que opera datos nacionales en una pandemia con un alto nivel de granularidad en un único sistema. En Chile, EPIVIGILA es la principal fuente de información para los reportes diarios, informes epidemiológicos y datos publicados en sitios web gubernamentales sobre COVID- 19. Así, el uso de sistemas electrónicos muestran ser un soporte fundamental para la salud pública, porque el registro y procesamiento de los datos genera información clara, confiable y oportuna, contribuyendo a que las autoridades puedan tomar decisiones orientadas a disminuir la propagación de enfermedades transmisibles, evitar muertes y mejorar la calidad de vida de la población.

In March 2020, the first version of EPIVIGILA was deployed in a productive environment a few days after the first local case of COVID- 19. This system is a technological integration plat-form for national epidemiological surveillance of notifiable diseases. Previously, Chile used a manual process that would probably have failed with a peak volume of more than 38 000 daily notifications; in a country with 18 million inhabitants, long and narrow geography, and centralized governance. This work highlights the importance of the national electronic surveillance system ­ EPIVIGILA ­ in managing the pandemic. The system's main strength is its ability to adapt to the needs of reliable, precise, timely, and real- time information. EPIVIGILA was able to include, under the circumstances, different flows, actors, data, and functionalities with high expectations of accuracy. This valuable information allowed the authorities to assess the impact of the measures to manage and control the pandemic. Its versatility positions this platform among the few globally that operates national data with a high level of granularity in a single system through a pandemic. In Chile, EPIVIGILA is the primary source of information for daily reports, epidemiological reports, and data published on government websites about COVID- 19. Thus, electronic systems prove fundamental for public health because the recording and processing of data generate clear, reliable, and timely information, helping authorities make decisions to reduce the spread of infectious diseases, prevent deaths, and improve the population's quality of life.

Improvement in Quality of Life with Use of Ambient-Assisted Living: Clinical Trial with Older Persons in the Chilean Population.

In Chile, 18% of the population is over 60 years old and is projected to reach 31% in three decades. An aging population demands the development of strategies to improve quality of life (QoL). In this randomized trial, we present the implementation and evaluation of the Quida platform, which consists of a network of unintrusive sensors installed in the houses of elderly participants to monitor their activities and provide assistance. Sixty-nine elderly participants were included. A significant increase in overall QoL was observed amongst participants allocated to the interventional arm (p < 0.02). While some studies point out difficulties monitoring users at home, Quida demonstrates that it is possible to detect presence and movement to identify patterns of behavior in the sample studied, allowing us to visualize the behavior of older adults at different time intervals to support their medical evaluation.

Fortalecimiento del recurso humano para la atención de personas con enfermedades crónicas / Strengthening Human Resources for Providing Care to People with Chronic Diseases

Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas implican un reto sanitario e intersectorial. Por ello, los prestadores requieren adquirir competencias específicas según estándares nacionales e internacionales para implantar una atención primaria de salud que provea acceso y cobertura universal. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre elementos relevantes vinculados a las competencias de los proveedores de salud para la atención de personas con condiciones crónicas, en el contexto de la atención primaria de salud. Métodos: Se discuten estrategias, la implementación del Modelo de Cuidados Crónicos y la adquisición de competencias, analizando aspectos de la formación profesional, el aseguramiento de la educación continua y la disposición de los proveedores para estar a la vanguardia de los cuidados. Conclusiones: Para proveer una atención integral a personas con enfermedades crónicas es necesario el fortalecimiento del capital humano y la instalación de relaciones coproductivas entre el equipo multidisciplinario. Además, es fundamental que los equipos conozcan e incorporen estrategias con demostración de eficacia a nivel internacional, entre ellos se encuentra el Modelo de Cuidados Crónicos, cuya implementación ha sido lenta y con desarrollo parcial(AU)

Introduction: Chronic diseases represent a health and intersectoral challenge. Therefore, providers need to acquire specific competences according to national and international standards, in order to implement primary healthcare providing universal access and coverage. Objective: To reflect on the relevant elements related to the competences of healthcare providers for the care of people with chronic conditions in the context of primary healthcare. Methods: Strategies are discussed, together with the implementation of the chronic care model and the acquisition of competences, analyzing aspects of professional training, the assurance of continuing education and the willingness of providers to be at the forefront of care. Conclusions: In order to provide comprehensive care to people with chronic diseases, it is necessary to strengthen human capital and create coproductive relationships among the multidisciplinary team. In addition, it is essential that the teams be aware of and incorporate strategies that have been shown to be effective at the international level, including the chronic care model, whose implementation has been slow and only partially developed(AU)

Orofacial motricity and use of mixed techniques in a cranio-facial trauma: a case report / Motricidad orofacial y uso de técnicas mixtas en cicatrices por trauma cráneo facial: relato de caso

ABSTRACT No reports about treatments applied by orofacial motricity experts, in craniofacial trauma, were found in the specialized literature. However, their knowledge, added to that of the aesthetic area, would be useful in the rehabilitation of scars. The aim of this work is to describe the mixed use of orofacial motor skills, muscle balance massage and scar management in a patient with soft tissues facial trauma. During the initial evaluation, a decrease in the vertical and horizontal oral opening and in the mimic movements, facial asymmetry and marked scars that affected the oral phase of swallowing, chewing (bolus formation), lip mobility, compromising speech intelligibility and, significantly, aesthetics, were observed. Myofunctional therapy lasted 12 months, during which the patient underwent three surgeries. The process was divided into an intensive phase (six months, two weekly sessions) and a follow-up phase (six months, one weekly session), which ended when the indicators evaluated at the beginning were stable, showing improvements in scars condition and appearance, as well as in orofacial functions, including pre-post therapy self-perception and greater muscular mobility, reflecting a management with an integrative approach.

RESUMEN En la literatura especializada no se encontraron reportes sobre tratamientos aplicados por expertos en motricidad orofacial en traumas craneofaciales, sin embargo, sus conocimientos, sumados a los del área estética serían útiles en la rehabilitación de cicatrices. El objetivo del trabajo es describir el uso mixto de técnicas de motricidad orofacial, masaje de equilibrio muscular y manejo de cicatrices en un paciente con trauma facial en tejidos blandos. En la evaluación inicial se observó: disminución en la apertura oral vertical y horizontal y de los movimientos de la mímica, asimetría facial y marcadas cicatrices que afectaban la fase oral de la deglución, la masticación (formación del bolo), la movilidad labial, comprometiendo la inteligibilidad del habla y de modo significativo la estética. La terapia miofuncional duró 12 meses, en medio de la cual el paciente tuvo tres intervenciones quirúrgicas. El proceso se dividió en una fase intensiva (seis meses con dos sesiones semanales) y otra de seguimiento (seis meses con una sesión semanal), que concluyó al estabilizarse los indicadores evaluados al inicio, evidenciándose mejoras en el estado y apariencia de las cicatrices, en las funciones orofaciales, incluida la autopercepción pre -post terapia, y mayor movilidad de la musculatura, asumiendo un manejo con enfoque integrador.

Medición de reserva cognitiva: estudio en una muestra de adultos chilenos / Cognitive reserve assessment: a study in a sample of chilean adults

Mayor reserva se asocia con resistencia al deterioro en sujetos con enfermedades neurodegenerativas. En personas sanas explica las diferencias interindividuales en el rendimiento de tareas. Medir los factores de reserva cognitiva permite contar con un índice numérico de la ganancia cognitiva acumulada por un sujeto. Este índice puede ser correlacionado con otras funciones cuantificables. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar los índices de reserva obtenidos por una población chilena en la aplicación del Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq). Para ello 90 adultos (18-85 años) sin evidencias de trastorno cognitivo, de la región de Valparaíso-Chile, fueron entrevistados sobre actividades de estudio, laborales y de tiempo libre ejecutadas desde los 18 años.Los resultados muestran que los índices de reserva de los sujetos varían en función del tiempo de ejecución de actividades promotoras de reserva y no por su edad. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos etarios. Estos resultados permiten concluir que la ejecución de actividades de estudio, laborales, sociales, entre otras aumenta los índices de reserva cognitiva, que es una variable diferenciadora entre individuos. La medición de dichos índices puede ser útil en un amplio campo de disciplinas (medicina, neurología, neuropsicología, educación, psicología, fonoaudiología, neurociencias y en las ciencias cognitivas en general).

A higher cognitive reserve is linked to higher resistance to deterioration among subjects suffering from neurodegenerative disorders. In healthy persons the cognitive reserve explains inter-individual differences in task performance. Measuring the cognitive reserve factors involves obtaining a numerical index of the cumulative cognitive gain accumulated by a subject. This index can be correlated with other measurable functions.This study was conceived to determine the reserve indexes accumulated by a Chilean sample, by means of the administration of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq).In order to do so, 90 adults (18-85 years old) without evidence of cognitive disorder, living in Valparaíso region, Chile, were interviewed about their education, their work environment and their and leisure activities carried out since they were 18 years old.Results showed that reserve indexes of the subjects vary as a function of the time of execution of reserve-promoting activities, not age. Statistically significant differences were found among age-groups. These findings allow us to conclude that studying, working and engaging in social activities, among other things, increase the cognitive reserve indexes, which are a differentiating variable among individuals.The measurement of these indexes can be useful in a wide array of disciplines: medicine, neurology, neuropsychology, education, psychology, phonoaudiology, neurosciences and cognitive sciences in general.